Demand that falls outside the limits established by management policy, often due to new customers or changing needs of existing customers.

In cost management, a representation that illustrates the cost of resources used over a period and how these are consumed by activities and subsequently traced to products, services, or customers.

This process ranks items in descending order of their annual dollar volume or other criteria and then splits them into three categories: A (high value), B (moderate value), and C (lower value)

In quality management, a threshold level that represents a satisfactory average quality level in a batch or series of lots during sampling inspection.